Lewis and Clark Expedition Bibliographies

Burroughs, Raymond Darwin. (1976).

"Lewis and Clark in Buffalo Country"

We Proceeded On, Winter Issue 1976, Volume 2, No. 1, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Article exploring the expedition's experiences in buffalo country, highlighting the contributions of members like the Field brothers.

Open Source

Field, Eugene A., Lucie C.. (2006).

"The Ancestry of Joseph and Reubin Field of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery"

Reference View Source

Genealogical study detailing the family history and ancestry of Joseph and Reubin Field.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara.

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Joseph Field, a key member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara.

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Reubin Field, brother of Joseph and participant in the expedition.

Open Source

Hulse, James. (2022).

"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky Field Brothers"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Information on the historical marker dedicated to the Field brothers in Kentucky.

Open Source

Lange, Robert E.. (1978).

"The Expedition’s Brothers: Joseph and Reuben Field"

We Proceeded On, July 1978, Vol. 4, No. 30, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Article focusing on the roles and contributions of Joseph and Reubin Field during the expedition.

Open Source

Large, Arlen J.. (1994).

"EXPEDITION SPECIALISTS The Talented Helpers of Lewis and Clark"

We Proceeded On, February 1994, Vol. 20, No. 1, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of the specialized skills of expedition members, including the Field brothers.

Open Source

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Badgers"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Scientific description of badgers encountered during the expedition.

Open Source

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Grizzly Profiles"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Profiles of grizzly bears, including encounters involving the Field brothers.

Open Source

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Hunting"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Details on hunting practices during the expedition, where the Field brothers excelled.

Open Source

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Mule Deer"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Scientific information on mule deer, hunted by expedition members.

Open Source

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Rattlesnakes"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Description of rattlesnakes encountered on the journey.

Open Source

Prentice, Ronald. (2013).

"Family Tree of Reubin Field"

WikiTree

Reference View Source

Genealogical family tree for Reubin Field.

Open Source

Walcheck, Kenneth C.. (2004).

"Of Wolves and Prairie Wolves"

We Proceeded On, May 2004, Vol. 30, No. 4, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Article on wolves and prairie wolves described by the expedition.

Open Source

Yater, George H.. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

We Proceeded On, May 1992, Supplementary Publication No. 11, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of nine Kentucky men in the expedition, including the Field brothers.

Open Source

"March 3, 1804"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from March 3, 1804, providing context for the expedition's early days.

Open Source

(2019).

"Reuben and Joseph Field"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

National Park Service article on Reuben and Joseph Field.

Open Source

(2005).

"The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

U of Nebraska Press / U of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries-Electronic Text Center

Reference View Source

Complete electronic edition of the Lewis and Clark journals.

Open Source

Ellner, Dawn.

"Mule Deer"

Flickr

Reference View Source

Photograph of a mule deer, used under CC BY 2.0, cropped from original.

Open Source

Haynes, Michael.

"Shooting for the Red Leggings"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Illustration depicting a shooting contest during the expedition.

Open Source

Haynes, Michael.

"Winter Hunters"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Illustration of winter hunting scenes involving the Field brothers.

Open Source

Haynes, Michael.

"Moreau River 1804"

Michael Haynes Art

Reference View Source

Painting depicting the expedition at the Moreau River in 1804.

Open Source

Celley, Courtney, USFWS. (2021).

"White-tailed deer"

Flickr

Resource View Source

Photograph of a white-tailed deer, illustrating wildlife hunted by the expedition.

Open Source

Frazer, Robert. (1837).

"A map of the discoveries of Capt. Lewis & Clark from the Rockey Mountain and the River Lewis to the Cap of Disappointement or the Coloumbia River at the north Pacific Ocean"

Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map of the expedition's discoveries.

Open Source

Dinosaur National Monument. (2009).

"Midget-faded rattlesnake, Crotalus oreganus concolor"

National Park Service

Resource View Source

Photograph of a midget-faded rattlesnake, representing reptiles encountered.

Open Source

Herbert, Neal. (2016).

"Mule deer buck"

National Park Service

Resource View Source

Photograph of a mule deer buck, highlighting game animals.

Open Source

Herbert, Neal. (2015).

"Grizzly Bear"

National Park Service

Resource View Source

Photograph of a grizzly bear, illustrating dangerous wildlife encounters.

Open Source

Text Sources

Burroughs, Raymond Darwin. (1976).

"Lewis and Clark in Buffalo Country"

We Proceeded On, Winter Issue 1976, Volume 2, No. 1, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Article exploring the expedition's experiences in buffalo country, highlighting the contributions of members like the Field brothers.

Field, Eugene A., Lucie C.. (2006).

"The Ancestry of Joseph and Reubin Field of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery"

Reference View Source

Genealogical study detailing the family history and ancestry of Joseph and Reubin Field.

Fifer, Barbara.

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Joseph Field, a key member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Fifer, Barbara.

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Reubin Field, brother of Joseph and participant in the expedition.

Hulse, James. (2022).

"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky Field Brothers"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Information on the historical marker dedicated to the Field brothers in Kentucky.

Lange, Robert E.. (1978).

"The Expedition’s Brothers: Joseph and Reuben Field"

We Proceeded On, July 1978, Vol. 4, No. 30, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Article focusing on the roles and contributions of Joseph and Reubin Field during the expedition.

Large, Arlen J.. (1994).

"EXPEDITION SPECIALISTS The Talented Helpers of Lewis and Clark"

We Proceeded On, February 1994, Vol. 20, No. 1, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of the specialized skills of expedition members, including the Field brothers.

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Badgers"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Scientific description of badgers encountered during the expedition.

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Grizzly Profiles"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Profiles of grizzly bears, including encounters involving the Field brothers.

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Hunting"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Details on hunting practices during the expedition, where the Field brothers excelled.

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Mule Deer"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Scientific information on mule deer, hunted by expedition members.

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"Rattlesnakes"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Description of rattlesnakes encountered on the journey.

Prentice, Ronald. (2013).

"Family Tree of Reubin Field"

WikiTree

Reference View Source

Genealogical family tree for Reubin Field.

Walcheck, Kenneth C.. (2004).

"Of Wolves and Prairie Wolves"

We Proceeded On, May 2004, Vol. 30, No. 4, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Article on wolves and prairie wolves described by the expedition.

Yater, George H.. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

We Proceeded On, May 1992, Supplementary Publication No. 11, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of nine Kentucky men in the expedition, including the Field brothers.

"March 3, 1804"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from March 3, 1804, providing context for the expedition's early days.

(2019).

"Reuben and Joseph Field"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

National Park Service article on Reuben and Joseph Field.

(2005).

"The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

U of Nebraska Press / U of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries-Electronic Text Center

Reference View Source

Complete electronic edition of the Lewis and Clark journals.

Photo Sources

Ellner, Dawn.

"Mule Deer"

Flickr

Reference View Source

Photograph of a mule deer, used under CC BY 2.0, cropped from original.

Haynes, Michael.

"Shooting for the Red Leggings"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Illustration depicting a shooting contest during the expedition.

Haynes, Michael.

"Winter Hunters"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Illustration of winter hunting scenes involving the Field brothers.

Haynes, Michael.

"Moreau River 1804"

Michael Haynes Art

Reference View Source

Painting depicting the expedition at the Moreau River in 1804.

Celley, Courtney, USFWS. (2021).

"White-tailed deer"

Flickr

Resource View Source

Photograph of a white-tailed deer, illustrating wildlife hunted by the expedition.

Frazer, Robert. (1837).

"A map of the discoveries of Capt. Lewis & Clark from the Rockey Mountain and the River Lewis to the Cap of Disappointement or the Coloumbia River at the north Pacific Ocean"

Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map of the expedition's discoveries.

Dinosaur National Monument. (2009).

"Midget-faded rattlesnake, Crotalus oreganus concolor"

National Park Service

Resource View Source

Photograph of a midget-faded rattlesnake, representing reptiles encountered.

Herbert, Neal. (2016).

"Mule deer buck"

National Park Service

Resource View Source

Photograph of a mule deer buck, highlighting game animals.

Herbert, Neal. (2015).

"Grizzly Bear"

National Park Service

Resource View Source

Photograph of a grizzly bear, illustrating dangerous wildlife encounters.

Faden, William.

"White Men Trading with Native"

Wikimedia

Reference View Source

Illustration depicting trade interactions between explorers and Native Americans.

Open Source

National Museum of American History.

"Thomas Jefferson Peace Medal"

National Museum of American History

Reference View Source

Image of a peace medal presented by Thomas Jefferson to Native American tribes during the expedition.

Open Source

National Park Service.

"Cartography Tools"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

Details on the cartography tools used by William Clark for mapping during the expedition.

Open Source

Packard, Ralph G., and National Museum of American History.

"Harpers Ferry Rifle"

National Museum of American History

Reference View Source

Image and description of the Harpers Ferry rifle used by the Corps of Discovery.

Open Source

Parson, Edgar Samuel.

"Expedition Members and Sacagawea"

Wikimedia

Reference View Source

Illustration of expedition members, including Sacagawea, at Three Forks.

Open Source

Peale, Rembrandt.

"Thomas Jefferson"

Wikimedia

Reference View Source

Portrait of Thomas Jefferson, who commissioned the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Open Source

Rocco, Keith.

"Iron Framed Boat"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Illustration of the iron-framed boat used during the expedition.

Open Source

Rumsey, David.

"A Map of Lewis and Clark’s Track across the Western Portion of North America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean : By Order of the Executive of the United States in 1804, 5 & 6"

Internet Archive

Reference View Source

Historical map tracing the expedition’s route across North America.

Open Source

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Blue and White Beads"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Image of blue and white beads used for trade during the expedition.

Open Source

(2019).

"Alcohol and the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details the role of alcohol in the expedition’s diet and morale.

Open Source

(2024).

"August 28, 1805"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry describing the expedition’s food sources and activities on August 28, 1805.

Open Source

(2021).

"Bitterroot"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on the bitterroot plant, a food source used by Native Americans and encountered by the expedition.

Open Source

"Camas"

L3 – The Lewis and Clark Rediscovery Project

Reference View Source

Details the use of camas as a staple food during the expedition.

Open Source

(2015).

"Common Camas"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Description of common camas, a key food source for the expedition.

Open Source

(2019).

"Corn Mills and Types of Corn"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Overview of corn processing and its role in the expedition’s diet.

Open Source

"Cous Roots"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on cous roots, another plant-based food source.

Open Source

(2023).

"John Shields"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical details on John Shields, including his contributions to food preparation.

Open Source

(2024).

"November 15, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry detailing food-related activities on November 15, 1804.

Open Source

(2023).

"Sugaring at River Dubois"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Description of maple sugaring as a food source during the expedition.

Open Source

Ambrose, Stephen E.. (2005).

"Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the opening of the American West"

New York: Simon & Schuster

Reference Print Resource

Comprehensive history of the expedition, including details on food sourcing and preparation.

Fears, J. Wayne. (2016).

"Did Lewis and Clark Really - Use a Cast Iron Dutch Oven"

J. Wayne Fears - Rural Sportsman

Reference View Source

Exploration of cooking methods, focusing on the use of Dutch ovens.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara. (2023).

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical overview of Joseph Field, including his role in food procurement.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara. (2023).

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical overview of Reubin Field, including his contributions to food gathering.

Open Source

Gunderson, Mary. (2003).

"The Food Journal of Lewis & Clark: Recipes for an Expedition"

Yankton, SD: History Cooks

Reference Print Resource

Collection of recipes and food-related details from the expedition.

Hunt, Robert R.. (2023).

"Alcohol Rations"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Details on the distribution and use of alcohol rations.

Open Source

Hunt, Robert R.. (2023).

"Fishing"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Overview of fishing as a food source during the expedition.

Open Source

Mansfield, Leslie. (2002).

"The Lewis & Clark Cookbook: Historic recipes from the Corps of Discovery & Jefferson’s America"

Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts

Reference Print Resource

Historical recipes inspired by the expedition’s food practices.

Meriwether, Lewis, and William Clark. (1983-2001).

"The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition"

Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press

Reference View Source

Primary source journals detailing food sources and preparation.

Open Source

Moore, Robert J., and Michael Haynes. (2003).

"Lewis & Clark, Tailor Made, Trail Worn: Army life, Clothing & Weapons of the corps of discovery"

Helena, MT: Farcountry Press

Reference Print Resource

Study of expedition life, including food preparation and clothing.

Mussulman, Joseph A.. (2023).

"The Bitterroot Plant"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Detailed information on the bitterroot plant as a food source.

Open Source

Mussulman, Joseph A.. (2022).

"The Salt Works"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Description of salt production for food preservation.

Open Source

Yater, George H., and Carolyn S. Denton. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

Great Falls, MT: Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc.

PDF View Source

Overview of Kentucky members, including their roles in food procurement.

Open Source

Reveal, James L., and Joseph A. Mussulman. (2023).

"Camas"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Detailed study of camas as a food source.

Open Source

Robb, Bob. (2019).

"What Did Lewis and Clark Eat?"

Grand View Outdoors

Reference View Source

Overview of the expedition’s diet and food sources.

Open Source

Townsend, Kristopher K.. (2023).

"Lewis’s Suet Dumplings"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Recipe and context for suet dumplings prepared during the expedition.

Open Source

Townsend, Kristopher K.. (2023).

"Making Pemmican"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Details on the preparation of pemmican, a key food source.

Open Source

Walcheck, Kenneth C.. (2023).

"Portable Soup"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Information on portable soup as a preserved food source.

Open Source

National Park Service.

"Alcohol and the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

National Park Service

Reference Print Resource

Image of alcohol-related artifacts, used under Creative Commons, cropped from original.

Bartelbaugh, Charles.

"Bull Bison"

Reference Print Resource

Image of a bull bison, permission granted, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Camas, Camassia quamash"

Reference Print Resource

Image of camas plant, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Meriwether, Lewis.

"Codex C: 165"

American Philosophical Society

Reference Print Resource

Illustration from Lewis’s journal, permission granted, cropped from original.

Clark, William.

"Codex I, 119"

American Philosophical Society

Reference Print Resource

Illustration from Clark’s journal, permission granted, cropped from original.

Hough, Tony.

"Elk and Bison Two for One"

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Reference Print Resource

Image of elk and bison, used under CC BY 2.0, cropped from original.

Curtis, Edward S..

"Joseph Dead Feast Lodge--Nez Percé"

Reference Print Resource

Historical photograph, public domain, cropped from original.

Levin, Matt.

"Large Indian Breadroot"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Indian breadroot, used under CC BY-SA 2.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Pemmican"

Reference Print Resource

Image of pemmican, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Portable Soup"

Reference Print Resource

Image of portable soup, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Tobacco Leaves"

Reference Print Resource

Image of tobacco leaves, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

"White-Tailed Jackrabbit"

Reference Print Resource

Image of a white-tailed jackrabbit, cropped from original.

Frazer, Robert. (1837).

"A map of the discoveries of Capt. Lewis & Clark from the Rockey Mountain and the River Lewis to the Cap of Disappointement or the Coloumbia River at the north Pacific Ocean"

Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division

Reference View Source

Background image of the expedition’s route, public domain, cropped from original.

Open Source

Text Sources

(2019).

"Alcohol and the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details the role of alcohol in the expedition’s diet and morale.

(2024).

"August 28, 1805"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry describing the expedition’s food sources and activities on August 28, 1805.

(2021).

"Bitterroot"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on the bitterroot plant, a food source used by Native Americans and encountered by the expedition.

"Camas"

L3 – The Lewis and Clark Rediscovery Project

Reference View Source

Details the use of camas as a staple food during the expedition.

(2015).

"Common Camas"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Description of common camas, a key food source for the expedition.

(2019).

"Corn Mills and Types of Corn"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Overview of corn processing and its role in the expedition’s diet.

"Cous Roots"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on cous roots, another plant-based food source.

(2023).

"John Shields"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical details on John Shields, including his contributions to food preparation.

(2024).

"November 15, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry detailing food-related activities on November 15, 1804.

(2023).

"Sugaring at River Dubois"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Description of maple sugaring as a food source during the expedition.

Ambrose, Stephen E.. (2005).

"Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the opening of the American West"

New York: Simon & Schuster

Reference Print Resource

Comprehensive history of the expedition, including details on food sourcing and preparation.

Fears, J. Wayne. (2016).

"Did Lewis and Clark Really - Use a Cast Iron Dutch Oven"

J. Wayne Fears - Rural Sportsman

Reference View Source

Exploration of cooking methods, focusing on the use of Dutch ovens.

Fifer, Barbara. (2023).

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical overview of Joseph Field, including his role in food procurement.

Fifer, Barbara. (2023).

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical overview of Reubin Field, including his contributions to food gathering.

Gunderson, Mary. (2003).

"The Food Journal of Lewis & Clark: Recipes for an Expedition"

Yankton, SD: History Cooks

Reference Print Resource

Collection of recipes and food-related details from the expedition.

Hunt, Robert R.. (2023).

"Alcohol Rations"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Details on the distribution and use of alcohol rations.

Hunt, Robert R.. (2023).

"Fishing"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Overview of fishing as a food source during the expedition.

Mansfield, Leslie. (2002).

"The Lewis & Clark Cookbook: Historic recipes from the Corps of Discovery & Jefferson’s America"

Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts

Reference Print Resource

Historical recipes inspired by the expedition’s food practices.

Meriwether, Lewis, and William Clark. (1983-2001).

"The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition"

Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press

Reference View Source

Primary source journals detailing food sources and preparation.

Moore, Robert J., and Michael Haynes. (2003).

"Lewis & Clark, Tailor Made, Trail Worn: Army life, Clothing & Weapons of the corps of discovery"

Helena, MT: Farcountry Press

Reference Print Resource

Study of expedition life, including food preparation and clothing.

Mussulman, Joseph A.. (2023).

"The Bitterroot Plant"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Detailed information on the bitterroot plant as a food source.

Mussulman, Joseph A.. (2022).

"The Salt Works"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Description of salt production for food preservation.

Yater, George H., and Carolyn S. Denton. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

Great Falls, MT: Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc.

PDF View Source

Overview of Kentucky members, including their roles in food procurement.

Reveal, James L., and Joseph A. Mussulman. (2023).

"Camas"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Detailed study of camas as a food source.

Robb, Bob. (2019).

"What Did Lewis and Clark Eat?"

Grand View Outdoors

Reference View Source

Overview of the expedition’s diet and food sources.

Townsend, Kristopher K.. (2023).

"Lewis’s Suet Dumplings"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Recipe and context for suet dumplings prepared during the expedition.

Townsend, Kristopher K.. (2023).

"Making Pemmican"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Details on the preparation of pemmican, a key food source.

Walcheck, Kenneth C.. (2023).

"Portable Soup"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Information on portable soup as a preserved food source.

Images Used

National Park Service.

"Alcohol and the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

National Park Service

Reference Print Resource

Image of alcohol-related artifacts, used under Creative Commons, cropped from original.

Bartelbaugh, Charles.

"Bull Bison"

Reference Print Resource

Image of a bull bison, permission granted, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Camas, Camassia quamash"

Reference Print Resource

Image of camas plant, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Meriwether, Lewis.

"Codex C: 165"

American Philosophical Society

Reference Print Resource

Illustration from Lewis’s journal, permission granted, cropped from original.

Clark, William.

"Codex I, 119"

American Philosophical Society

Reference Print Resource

Illustration from Clark’s journal, permission granted, cropped from original.

Hough, Tony.

"Elk and Bison Two for One"

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Reference Print Resource

Image of elk and bison, used under CC BY 2.0, cropped from original.

Curtis, Edward S..

"Joseph Dead Feast Lodge--Nez Percé"

Reference Print Resource

Historical photograph, public domain, cropped from original.

Levin, Matt.

"Large Indian Breadroot"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Indian breadroot, used under CC BY-SA 2.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Pemmican"

Reference Print Resource

Image of pemmican, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Portable Soup"

Reference Print Resource

Image of portable soup, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Tobacco Leaves"

Reference Print Resource

Image of tobacco leaves, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

"White-Tailed Jackrabbit"

Reference Print Resource

Image of a white-tailed jackrabbit, cropped from original.

Background Image Used

Frazer, Robert. (1837).

"A map of the discoveries of Capt. Lewis & Clark from the Rockey Mountain and the River Lewis to the Cap of Disappointement or the Coloumbia River at the north Pacific Ocean"

Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division

Reference View Source

Background image of the expedition’s route, public domain, cropped from original.

Boren, Jon, et. al.. (2004).

"Tanning Deer Hides and Small Fur Skins"

New Mexico State University

PDF View Source

Comprehensive guide to traditional hide tanning methods with detailed instructions for both deer hides and smaller fur skins.

Open Source

"Coat, C.I.38.23.36"

The Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum, New York City, NY

Artifact View Source

Museum artifact showcasing historical garment construction techniques and materials used in traditional clothing.

Open Source

Evans, Mireille. (2020).

"Brain Tanning a Deer Hide"

Wilderness Awareness School

Reference View Source

Modern instructional guide demonstrating the traditional brain tanning technique used by indigenous peoples to create soft, durable leather.

Open Source

Frazer, Robert. (1807).

"A map of the discoveries of Capt. Lewis & Clark from the Rockey Mountain and the River Lewis to the Cap of Disappointement or the Coloumbia River at the north Pacific Ocean"

Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map documenting the expedition’s route, relevant to the context of clothing materials sourced during the journey.

Open Source

LeHuray, Josh. (2020).

"From Deer Hide to Powhatan Clothing"

Henricus Historical Park

Reference View Source

Historical recreation and documentation of the Powhatan clothing production process using traditional methods.

Open Source

Moore, Robert and Haynes, Michael. (2003).

"Tailor Made, Trail Worn"

Farcountry Press

Reference Print Resource

Detailed study of historical clothing construction and materials used in frontier and indigenous garments.

"Columbian black-tailed deer"

Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center, National Park Service

Resource View Source

Reference materials on Columbian black-tailed deer, an important resource for indigenous clothing and tools in the Pacific Northwest region.

Open Source

"Pr. Of Modern Moccasins, E316289-0"

Ethnology, Anthropology Department, National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia

Footwear View Source

Museum specimen documenting traditional footwear construction techniques and materials used by indigenous peoples.

Open Source

"Shoes, 2009.300.3482a–d"

The Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum, New York City, NY

Artifact View Source

Historical footwear collection showcasing design, materials, and construction methods.

Open Source

Tanning Techniques

Boren, Jon, et. al.. (2004).

"Tanning Deer Hides and Small Fur Skins"

New Mexico State University

PDF View Source

Comprehensive guide to traditional hide tanning methods with detailed instructions for both deer hides and smaller fur skins.

Evans, Mireille. (2020).

"Brain Tanning a Deer Hide"

Wilderness Awareness School

Reference View Source

Modern instructional guide demonstrating the traditional brain tanning technique used by indigenous peoples to create soft, durable leather.

Clothing Construction

"Coat, C.I.38.23.36"

The Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum, New York City, NY

Artifact View Source

Museum artifact showcasing historical garment construction techniques and materials used in traditional clothing.

LeHuray, Josh. (2020).

"From Deer Hide to Powhatan Clothing"

Henricus Historical Park

Reference View Source

Historical recreation and documentation of the Powhatan clothing production process using traditional methods.

Moore, Robert and Haynes, Michael. (2003).

"Tailor Made, Trail Worn"

Farcountry Press

Reference Print Resource

Detailed study of historical clothing construction and materials used in frontier and indigenous garments.

Materials & Resources

Frazer, Robert. (1807).

"A map of the discoveries of Capt. Lewis & Clark from the Rockey Mountain and the River Lewis to the Cap of Disappointement or the Coloumbia River at the north Pacific Ocean"

Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map documenting the expedition’s route, relevant to the context of clothing materials sourced during the journey.

"Columbian black-tailed deer"

Pacific Coast Science and Learning Center, National Park Service

Resource View Source

Reference materials on Columbian black-tailed deer, an important resource for indigenous clothing and tools in the Pacific Northwest region.

Footwear

"Pr. Of Modern Moccasins, E316289-0"

Ethnology, Anthropology Department, National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia

Footwear View Source

Museum specimen documenting traditional footwear construction techniques and materials used by indigenous peoples.

"Shoes, 2009.300.3482a–d"

The Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum, New York City, NY

Artifact View Source

Historical footwear collection showcasing design, materials, and construction methods.

Beebout, Christopher.

"Bullitt’s Lick"

ExploreKYHistory

Reference View Source

Historical context of Bullitt’s Lick, a significant site near West Point related to early settlement and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Open Source

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"Founding of West Point/James Young"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Details the founding of West Point and the role of James Young, as documented by a historical marker.

Open Source

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"James Young House"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Information on the historical marker for the James Young House in West Point.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara.

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Reubin Field, a West Point native and expedition member.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara.

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Joseph Field, a West Point native and expedition member.

Open Source

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"The Salt Works"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Description of the salt-making process at Fort Clatsop, relevant to expedition activities.

Open Source

Yater, George H.. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

We Proceeded On, May 1992, Supplementary Publication No. 11, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of nine Kentucky men, including West Point natives, who participated in the expedition.

Open Source

"Camp Site, West Point, KY"

Lewis and Clark Trust

Reference View Source

Details on the expedition’s camp site in West Point, Kentucky.

Open Source

"History"

City of West Point

Reference View Source

Historical overview of West Point, including its connection to the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Open Source

"John Shields"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of John Shields, another expedition member with ties to the West Point area.

Open Source

(2023).

"Salt Works, Oregon"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

Information on the Oregon salt works established by the expedition.

Open Source

Hulse, James. (2022).

"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky Field Brothers Marker"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Photograph of the historical marker for the Field brothers in Kentucky.

Open Source

"James Young’s House"

Lewis and Clark Trust

Reference View Source

Photograph of James Young’s house, a significant site in West Point’s history.

Open Source

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky - John Shields (1769-1809) Marker (Side 1)"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Photograph of the historical marker for John Shields in Kentucky.

Open Source

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"Young’s Inn Marker"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Photograph of the historical marker for Young’s Inn in West Point.

Open Source

Dougtone.

"Lewis & Clark Salt Works - Seaside, Oregon"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

Photograph of the Lewis and Clark Salt Works in Seaside, Oregon, used under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Open Source

Hoeing, Joseph Bernard.

"Preliminary map of Kentucky"

Kentucky Geological Survey, The Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map of Kentucky, providing geographical context for West Point.

Open Source

Text Sources

Beebout, Christopher.

"Bullitt’s Lick"

ExploreKYHistory

Reference View Source

Historical context of Bullitt’s Lick, a significant site near West Point related to early settlement and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"Founding of West Point/James Young"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Details the founding of West Point and the role of James Young, as documented by a historical marker.

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"James Young House"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Information on the historical marker for the James Young House in West Point.

Fifer, Barbara.

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Reubin Field, a West Point native and expedition member.

Fifer, Barbara.

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of Joseph Field, a West Point native and expedition member.

Mussulman, Joseph A..

"The Salt Works"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Description of the salt-making process at Fort Clatsop, relevant to expedition activities.

Yater, George H.. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

We Proceeded On, May 1992, Supplementary Publication No. 11, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of nine Kentucky men, including West Point natives, who participated in the expedition.

"Camp Site, West Point, KY"

Lewis and Clark Trust

Reference View Source

Details on the expedition’s camp site in West Point, Kentucky.

"History"

City of West Point

Reference View Source

Historical overview of West Point, including its connection to the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

"John Shields"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of John Shields, another expedition member with ties to the West Point area.

(2023).

"Salt Works, Oregon"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

Information on the Oregon salt works established by the expedition.

Photo Credits

Hulse, James. (2022).

"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky Field Brothers Marker"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Photograph of the historical marker for the Field brothers in Kentucky.

"James Young’s House"

Lewis and Clark Trust

Reference View Source

Photograph of James Young’s house, a significant site in West Point’s history.

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"Lewis and Clark in Kentucky - John Shields (1769-1809) Marker (Side 1)"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Photograph of the historical marker for John Shields in Kentucky.

Bosse, Tom. (2018).

"Young’s Inn Marker"

Historical Marker Database

Reference View Source

Photograph of the historical marker for Young’s Inn in West Point.

Dougtone.

"Lewis & Clark Salt Works - Seaside, Oregon"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

Photograph of the Lewis and Clark Salt Works in Seaside, Oregon, used under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Hoeing, Joseph Bernard.

"Preliminary map of Kentucky"

Kentucky Geological Survey, The Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map of Kentucky, providing geographical context for West Point.

Bodmer, Karl.

"Blackfoot Indian"

Wikipedia

Reference View Source

Illustration of a Blackfoot Indian, relevant to expedition encounters with Native American tribes.

Open Source

Bodmer, Karl.

"Winter Village of the Manitaries (Hiddatsa) in Dakota Territory"

National Archives Catalog

Reference View Source

Painting depicting a Hidatsa winter village, illustrating the environmental and cultural challenges faced by the expedition.

Open Source

Hagel, Frank.

"Expedition Members Meeting Native Americans"

Frank Hagel Art

Reference View Source

Artwork showing interactions between expedition members and Native Americans, highlighting diplomatic challenges.

Open Source

"Background Map: Universalis Cosmographia Secundum Ptholomaei Traditionem et Americi Vespucii Aliorū Que Lustrationes"

Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map providing geographical context for the expedition’s navigational challenges.

Open Source

Lucy, Gary.

"The Departure from Wood River Encampment"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Illustration of the expedition’s departure from Wood River, marking the start of their challenging journey.

Open Source

Rumsey, David.

"Route of Expedition"

Internet Archive

Reference View Source

Map tracing the expedition’s route, highlighting geographical and logistical challenges.

Open Source

"Clark’s Sketches of the Keelboat"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Sketches by William Clark of the expedition’s keelboat, illustrating transportation challenges.

Open Source

"Clark’s Sketches of the Keelboat Birds Eye View"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Bird’s-eye view sketches of the keelboat by William Clark, depicting equipment-related challenges.

Open Source

BLMIdaho.

"Lemhi Pass"

Openverse

Reference View Source

Image of Lemhi Pass, a key expedition landmark where John Shields contributed.

Open Source

Bodmer, Karl.

"Winter Village of the Manitaries (Hidatsa) in Dakota Territory"

National Archives Catalog

Reference View Source

Painting depicting a Hidatsa winter village, illustrating the environment where Shields worked.

Open Source

Carson, Jim.

"The Great Falls"

Jim Carson Studio

Reference View Source

Artwork depicting the Great Falls, a challenging site where Shields’ skills were utilized.

Open Source

cascadevideoproductions.

"Beacon Rock"

Openverse

Reference View Source

Image of Beacon Rock, a significant landmark during the expedition.

Open Source

Fisher, John W., and Kristopher K. Townsend.

"French and Missouri Axe Head"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Image of an axe head, highlighting tools crafted or repaired by John Shields.

Open Source

Gooseterrain2.

"Winter Fort Mandan"

Wikipedia

Reference View Source

Image of Fort Mandan, where Shields contributed to construction and survival efforts.

Open Source

Rocco, Keith, and Harpers Ferry National Historic Park, U.S. National Park Service.

"The Iron-Framed Boat"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Illustration of the iron-framed boat, showcasing Shields’ blacksmithing contributions.

Open Source

Mah, Connor.

"White Tailed Jackrabbit"

Openverse

Reference View Source

Photograph of a white-tailed jackrabbit, representing wildlife encountered by the expedition.

Open Source

National Museum of the American Indian.

"Tomahawk/Axe"

National Museum of the American Indian

Reference View Source

Image of a tomahawk/axe, illustrating tools potentially crafted or repaired by Shields.

Open Source

National Park Service.

"Fort Clatsop"

National Park Service

Reference View Source

Information and image of Fort Clatsop, where Shields contributed to construction.

Open Source

Peaco, Jim.

"Mule Deer"

Openverse

Reference View Source

Photograph of a mule deer, representing game hunted during the expedition.

Open Source

Wood River Heritage Council.

"Camp DuBois"

Wood River Illinois Museum

Reference View Source

Image of Camp DuBois, an early expedition site where Shields prepared equipment.

Open Source

(2018).

"Beargrass"

National Parks Service

Resource View Source

Information on beargrass, a plant documented by the expedition and featured in walking trail panels.

Open Source

(2021).

"Bitterroot"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on the bitterroot plant, its significance, and use in the expedition.

Open Source

"Camas"

L3 – The Lewis and Clark Rediscovery Project

Reference View Source

Overview of camas, a key plant encountered and used during the expedition.

Open Source

(2023).

"Chinook Canoes"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Description of Chinook canoes and their role in the expedition's travel.

Open Source

(2015).

"Common Camas"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on common camas, including its botanical details and expedition relevance.

Open Source

(2022).

"Common Snowberry"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on the common snowberry plant and its observations during the trail.

Open Source

(2021).

"Cottonwood Trees"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Overview of cottonwood trees, used for canoes and observed along the trail.

Open Source

"Cous Roots"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on cous roots, a food source noted in the expedition journals.

Open Source

(2020).

"Edible Thistles"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on edible thistles encountered and utilized during the journey.

Open Source

(2024).

"January 21, 1806"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from January 21, 1806, relevant to trail observations.

Open Source

(2024).

"January 26, 1806"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from January 26, 1806, providing context for plant discoveries.

Open Source

(2024).

"July 20, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from July 20, 1804, noting early trail experiences.

Open Source

(2018).

"Long-Leaved Sage"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on long-leaved sage observed along the trail.

Open Source

(2021).

"Madrone Tree"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on the madrone tree and its significance.

Open Source

(2023).

"Medicine on the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Overview of medicinal plants used during the expedition.

Open Source

(2022).

"Native Names of Plants and Animals along the Lewis and Clark Trail"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

List of Native names for plants and animals encountered on the trail.

Open Source

(2024).

"November 15, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from November 15, 1804, relevant to trail panels.

Open Source

(2024).

"October 3, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from October 3, 1804, providing historical context.

Open Source

Whitescarver, Bobby R.. (2019).

"Osage Orange from Meriwether Lewis Planted in Swoope"

Getting More on the Ground

Reference View Source

Article on Osage orange trees planted from seeds collected by Lewis.

Open Source

Bauer, Scott.

"ARS pawpaw"

USDA ARS

Reference Print Resource

Image of pawpaw, used under public domain, cropped from original.

Morefield, Jim.

"bitterroot, Lewisia rediviva var. rediviva"

Reference Print Resource

Image of bitterroot, used under CC BY-SA 2.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Camas, Camassia quamash"

Reference Print Resource

Image of camas, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Sigmund, Walter.

"Clarkia pulchella 0287"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Clarkia pulchella, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Lewis, Meriwether.

"Codex J: 053"

American Philosophical Society

Reference Print Resource

Illustration from Lewis's journal, permission granted, cropped from original.

Moore, Jenny A..

"Common camas flower"

Reference Print Resource

Image of common camas flower, public domain, cropped from original.

Smith, Harlan Ingersoll.

"Dugout cottonwood canoe on bank of Fraser River, British Columbia"

Reference Print Resource

Image of a dugout cottonwood canoe, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Elkhorn, Clarkia pulchella"

Reference Print Resource

Image of elkhorn Clarkia pulchella, cropped from original.

Leppig, Gordon & Pickart, Andrea J..

"Evergreen Huckleberry"

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Reference Print Resource

Image of evergreen huckleberry, cropped from original.

Hartwood, Garth.

"golden currant, gold-johannisbeere"

Reference Print Resource

Image of golden currant, used under CC BY 4.0, cropped from original.

Levin, Matt.

"Large Indian Breadroot"

Reference Print Resource

Image of large Indian breadroot, used under CC BY-SA 2.0, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Lewisia rediviva Pursh"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Lewisia rediviva, cropped from original.

Ledger, Ben.

"Lomatium cous flowers"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Lomatium cous flowers, cropped from original.

Conde, Micheal.

"Pawpaw fruit"

Reference Print Resource

Image of pawpaw fruit, used under public domain, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Populus deltoides W."

Reference Print Resource

Image of Populus deltoides, cropped from original.

Pawek, Jean.

"Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii; Fremont Cottonwood"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Fremont cottonwood, used under CC BY 3.0, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Ribes sanguineum Pursh"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Ribes sanguineum, cropped from original.

Whitescarver, Bobby R..

"Looking up from the base of a mature Osage Orange tree"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Osage orange tree, permission given, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"String of Dried Breadroot"

Reference Print Resource

Image of string of dried breadroot, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Ledger, Ben.

"The “biscuit root”"

Reference Print Resource

Image of biscuit root, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Thuja plicata"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Thuja plicata, cropped from original.

Haddock, Mike.

"Osage Orange"

KSU

Reference Print Resource

Image of Osage orange, used under public domain, cropped from original.

Text Sources

(2018).

"Beargrass"

National Parks Service

Resource View Source

Information on beargrass, a plant documented by the expedition and featured in walking trail panels.

(2021).

"Bitterroot"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on the bitterroot plant, its significance, and use in the expedition.

"Camas"

L3 – The Lewis and Clark Rediscovery Project

Reference View Source

Overview of camas, a key plant encountered and used during the expedition.

(2023).

"Chinook Canoes"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Description of Chinook canoes and their role in the expedition's travel.

(2015).

"Common Camas"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on common camas, including its botanical details and expedition relevance.

(2022).

"Common Snowberry"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on the common snowberry plant and its observations during the trail.

(2021).

"Cottonwood Trees"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Overview of cottonwood trees, used for canoes and observed along the trail.

"Cous Roots"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on cous roots, a food source noted in the expedition journals.

(2020).

"Edible Thistles"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on edible thistles encountered and utilized during the journey.

(2024).

"January 21, 1806"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from January 21, 1806, relevant to trail observations.

(2024).

"January 26, 1806"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from January 26, 1806, providing context for plant discoveries.

(2024).

"July 20, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from July 20, 1804, noting early trail experiences.

(2018).

"Long-Leaved Sage"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Information on long-leaved sage observed along the trail.

(2021).

"Madrone Tree"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Details on the madrone tree and its significance.

(2023).

"Medicine on the Lewis and Clark Expedition"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

Overview of medicinal plants used during the expedition.

(2022).

"Native Names of Plants and Animals along the Lewis and Clark Trail"

National Parks Service

Reference View Source

List of Native names for plants and animals encountered on the trail.

(2024).

"November 15, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from November 15, 1804, relevant to trail panels.

(2024).

"October 3, 1804"

Discover Lewis & Clark

Reference View Source

Journal entry from October 3, 1804, providing historical context.

Whitescarver, Bobby R.. (2019).

"Osage Orange from Meriwether Lewis Planted in Swoope"

Getting More on the Ground

Reference View Source

Article on Osage orange trees planted from seeds collected by Lewis.

Images Used

Bauer, Scott.

"ARS pawpaw"

USDA ARS

Reference Print Resource

Image of pawpaw, used under public domain, cropped from original.

Morefield, Jim.

"bitterroot, Lewisia rediviva var. rediviva"

Reference Print Resource

Image of bitterroot, used under CC BY-SA 2.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Camas, Camassia quamash"

Reference Print Resource

Image of camas, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Sigmund, Walter.

"Clarkia pulchella 0287"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Clarkia pulchella, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Lewis, Meriwether.

"Codex J: 053"

American Philosophical Society

Reference Print Resource

Illustration from Lewis's journal, permission granted, cropped from original.

Moore, Jenny A..

"Common camas flower"

Reference Print Resource

Image of common camas flower, public domain, cropped from original.

Smith, Harlan Ingersoll.

"Dugout cottonwood canoe on bank of Fraser River, British Columbia"

Reference Print Resource

Image of a dugout cottonwood canoe, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"Elkhorn, Clarkia pulchella"

Reference Print Resource

Image of elkhorn Clarkia pulchella, cropped from original.

Leppig, Gordon & Pickart, Andrea J..

"Evergreen Huckleberry"

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Reference Print Resource

Image of evergreen huckleberry, cropped from original.

Hartwood, Garth.

"golden currant, gold-johannisbeere"

Reference Print Resource

Image of golden currant, used under CC BY 4.0, cropped from original.

Levin, Matt.

"Large Indian Breadroot"

Reference Print Resource

Image of large Indian breadroot, used under CC BY-SA 2.0, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Lewisia rediviva Pursh"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Lewisia rediviva, cropped from original.

Ledger, Ben.

"Lomatium cous flowers"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Lomatium cous flowers, cropped from original.

Conde, Micheal.

"Pawpaw fruit"

Reference Print Resource

Image of pawpaw fruit, used under public domain, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Populus deltoides W."

Reference Print Resource

Image of Populus deltoides, cropped from original.

Pawek, Jean.

"Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii; Fremont Cottonwood"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Fremont cottonwood, used under CC BY 3.0, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Ribes sanguineum Pursh"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Ribes sanguineum, cropped from original.

Whitescarver, Bobby R..

"Looking up from the base of a mature Osage Orange tree"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Osage orange tree, permission given, cropped from original.

Townsend, Kristopher K..

"String of Dried Breadroot"

Reference Print Resource

Image of string of dried breadroot, used under CC BY-SA 4.0, cropped from original.

Ledger, Ben.

"The “biscuit root”"

Reference Print Resource

Image of biscuit root, cropped from original.

Reveal, James L., and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium.

"Thuja plicata"

Reference Print Resource

Image of Thuja plicata, cropped from original.

Haddock, Mike.

"Osage Orange"

KSU

Reference Print Resource

Image of Osage orange, used under public domain, cropped from original.

Field, Eugene A., Lucie C.. (2006).

"The Ancestry of Joseph and Reubin Field of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery"

Reference View Source

Genealogical details on the post-expedition lives of the Field brothers.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara.

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile detailing Reubin Field’s life after the expedition.

Open Source

Fifer, Barbara.

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile detailing Joseph Field’s life after the expedition.

Open Source

Rogers, Ann. (2002).

"Lewis and Clark in Missouri"

University of Missouri Press

Reference Print Resource

Historical account of the expedition’s activities in Missouri, including post-expedition details.

Yater, George H.. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

We Proceeded On, May 1992, Supplementary Publication No. 11, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of the post-expedition lives of nine Kentucky men, including the Field brothers.

Open Source

"John Shields"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of John Shields, including his post-expedition life.

Open Source

Cline, Mike.

"Shields River"

Reference View Source

Photograph of the Shields River, named after John Shields, used under CC BY 4.0, cropped from original.

Open Source

"Kentucky, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1774-1989: Wills Vol. 1-3, 1784-1846"

Ancestry.com

Reference Print Resource

Probate records providing details on the post-expedition lives of expedition members.

"John Shields Lewis and Clark Expedition Member"

Indiana Historical Bureau

Reference View Source

Historical marker information about John Shields’ post-expedition life.

Open Source

Clark, William.

"William Clark account book, May 25, 1825 to June 14, 1828"

Everett D. Graff Collection of Western Americana (Newberry Library)

Reference View Source

Account book by William Clark, providing post-expedition context.

Open Source

Hoeing, Joseph Bernard.

"Preliminary map of Kentucky"

Kentucky Geological Survey, The Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map of Kentucky, providing geographical context for post-expedition activities.

Open Source

Text Sources

Field, Eugene A., Lucie C.. (2006).

"The Ancestry of Joseph and Reubin Field of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery"

Reference View Source

Genealogical details on the post-expedition lives of the Field brothers.

Fifer, Barbara.

"Reubin Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile detailing Reubin Field’s life after the expedition.

Fifer, Barbara.

"Joseph Field"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile detailing Joseph Field’s life after the expedition.

Rogers, Ann. (2002).

"Lewis and Clark in Missouri"

University of Missouri Press

Reference Print Resource

Historical account of the expedition’s activities in Missouri, including post-expedition details.

Yater, George H.. (1992).

"Nine Young Men From Kentucky"

We Proceeded On, May 1992, Supplementary Publication No. 11, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation

PDF View Source

Overview of the post-expedition lives of nine Kentucky men, including the Field brothers.

"John Shields"

Discover Lewis and Clark

Reference View Source

Biographical profile of John Shields, including his post-expedition life.

Clark, William.

"William Clark account book, May 25, 1825 to June 14, 1828"

Everett D. Graff Collection of Western Americana (Newberry Library)

Reference View Source

Account book by William Clark, providing post-expedition context.

Photo Sources

Cline, Mike.

"Shields River"

Reference View Source

Photograph of the Shields River, named after John Shields, used under CC BY 4.0, cropped from original.

"Kentucky, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1774-1989: Wills Vol. 1-3, 1784-1846"

Ancestry.com

Reference Print Resource

Probate records providing details on the post-expedition lives of expedition members.

"John Shields Lewis and Clark Expedition Member"

Indiana Historical Bureau

Reference View Source

Historical marker information about John Shields’ post-expedition life.

Hoeing, Joseph Bernard.

"Preliminary map of Kentucky"

Kentucky Geological Survey, The Library of Congress

Reference View Source

Historical map of Kentucky, providing geographical context for post-expedition activities.

Who Were Joseph and Reubin Field?

Text Sources

Photo Sources

The Corps of Discovery

What Did They Eat?

Text Sources

Images Used

Background Image Used

What Did They Wear?

Tanning Techniques

Clothing Construction

Materials & Resources

Footwear

Historical West Point

Text Sources

Photo Credits

What Were the Challenges to the Expedition?

Who Was John Shields?

Walking Trail Mini Panels

Text Sources

Images Used

What Happened Next?

Text Sources

Photo Sources